Bariatric surgery changes how your body processes food. Doctors also call it metabolic surgery or weight-loss surgery. These procedures do more than shrink your stomach. They alter appetite signals, hormone levels, nutrient absorption, glucose metabolism, and obesity-related diseases. The major categories include restrictive procedures, metabolic procedures, and combined procedures. No single operation works best for everyone. Your BMI, health conditions, eating habits, prior surgeries, reflux symptoms, nutritional status, and surgical risk all guide the choice (Angrisani et al., 2017).
What Are the Main Types of Bariatric Surgery?
The main types include sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, adjustable gastric band, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, and SADI-S. Each procedure changes your gastrointestinal anatomy differently.
Which Bariatric Procedures Are Most Common?
Sleeve gastrectomy stands as the most performed bariatric operation worldwide. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ranks second. Adjustable gastric band usage has declined sharply. Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch remains less common but highly effective for selected patients (English et al., 2020).
Which Newer or Less Common Bariatric Procedures Should Patients Know About?
Single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) represents a newer option. It builds on sleeve gastrectomy and resembles BPD/DS but uses one intestinal connection. Availability varies by center and surgeon experience.
Which Procedures Are Bariatric Surgery and Which Are Endoscopic Weight-Loss Treatments?
True bariatric surgery alters gastrointestinal anatomy through incisions. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG), intragastric balloons, and transoral outlet reduction (TORe) use scopes through the mouth. These endoscopic treatments differ fundamentally from conventional surgical procedures (Sullivan et al., 2021).
How Does Sleeve Gastrectomy Work?
Sleeve gastrectomy removes about 80% of your stomach. It creates a narrow, tube-shaped stomach. No intestinal rerouting occurs.
What Happens During Sleeve Gastrectomy?
Surgeons perform this operation laparoscopically. They make small abdominal incisions. They insert a camera and surgical instruments. They remove the outer portion of your stomach. They staple the remaining stomach into a banana-shaped tube. The operation typically takes one to two hours (Rosenthal et al., 2017).
How Does Gastric Sleeve Surgery Cause Weight Loss?
The smaller stomach holds less food. You feel full sooner. The procedure also removes the part of your stomach that produces ghrelin. Ghrelin triggers hunger. Lower ghrelin levels reduce appetite. Additional gastrointestinal signaling changes may boost metabolism (Chambers et al., 2014).
What Are the Advantages of Sleeve Gastrectomy?
Sleeve gastrectomy produces effective weight loss. It avoids intestinal bypass. No implanted device remains inside your body. The surgical anatomy stays relatively straightforward. Many patients leave the hospital within one to two days. The procedure improves type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea in many cases (Salminen et al., 2018).
What Are the Risks and Limitations of Sleeve Gastrectomy?
The procedure permanently removes stomach tissue. Surgeons cannot reverse it. Some patients develop or worsen gastroesophageal reflux disease. Nutritional deficiencies can occur, though less severely than with bypass procedures. Surgical complications include leaks, bleeding, and strictures. Some patients experience insufficient weight loss or regain weight over time (Gagner and Buchwald, 2014).
How Does Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Work?
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass creates a small stomach pouch and reroutes your small intestine. It combines restriction with altered absorption.
What Happens During Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass?
Surgeons create a small pouch at the top of your stomach. This pouch holds about one ounce of food. They divide the small intestine. They connect the lower portion directly to the small pouch. Food bypasses most of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine. Digestive juices from the bypassed stomach and duodenum rejoin the food stream further down (Adams et al., 2017).
The small pouch restricts food intake. The intestinal bypass reduces calorie and nutrient absorption. The procedure alters gut hormones that control appetite. It produces strong metabolic improvements. Many patients see rapid improvements in type 2 diabetes, sometimes before significant weight loss occurs (Purnell et al., 2016).
What Are the Benefits of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass?
Gastric bypass delivers reliable and durable weight loss. It produces strong metabolic effects. Many patients experience improvement or remission of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and sleep apnea. It works particularly well when obesity coexists with metabolic conditions (Arterburn et al., 2020).
What Are the Risks of Gastric Bypass?
The surgery carries greater technical complexity than sleeve gastrectomy. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies occur frequently. Patients need lifelong supplementation. Small-bowel complications such as obstruction or internal hernias can develop. Ulcers may form at the connection sites. Dumping syndrome causes nausea, cramping, and diarrhea after sugary meals. Reversing the procedure proves difficult. Lifelong nutritional monitoring remains essential (Courcoulas et al., 2014).
What Is an Adjustable Gastric Band?
An adjustable gastric band places an inflatable silicone ring around the upper stomach. It creates a small pouch with a narrow opening.
How Does Adjustable Gastric Band Surgery Work?
Surgeons place the band around the top portion of your stomach. They attach a port under your skin. Doctors inject saline through the port to tighten or loosen the band. This adjusts the opening between the small pouch and the rest of your stomach (O'Brien et al., 2013).
What Are the Advantages of Gastric Banding?
The band adjusts to your needs. Surgeons can remove it completely. It requires no stomach resection or intestinal rerouting. Early nutritional deficiency risk remains relatively low compared to bypass procedures.
Why Is Gastric Band Surgery Less Common Today?
Gastric banding produces lower average weight loss than other procedures. Patients need repeated adjustments. Some develop band intolerance, slippage, or erosion into the stomach. Reoperation and removal rates exceed those of sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass. For these reasons, many centers no longer offer this procedure (Angrisani et al., 2013).
What Is Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch?
BPD/DS combines a sleeve-type stomach reduction with extensive intestinal bypass. It produces the strongest metabolic effects among common bariatric procedures.
Surgeons first perform a sleeve gastrectomy. They then divide the small intestine near the duodenum. They route food directly to the distal ileum. Bile and pancreatic juices travel separately through the bypassed intestine. These digestive secretions rejoin the food stream near the end of the small intestine. This design limits the time food mixes with digestive enzymes (Biertho et al., 2016).
Why Does BPD/DS Produce Significant Weight Loss?
BPD/DS restricts stomach capacity. It substantially reduces calorie and nutrient absorption. It produces major effects on intestinal hormones and metabolic pathways. Patients typically lose more weight than with sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass alone (Sovik et al., 2011).
Who May Benefit From BPD/DS?
This procedure suits patients with severe obesity, particularly those with significant metabolic disease. It works well for patients who need the most powerful metabolic intervention. Surgeons select candidates carefully because of the nutritional demands.
What Are the Risks of BPD/DS?
BPD/DS carries the highest nutritional risk among common bariatric procedures. Protein and micronutrient deficiencies occur frequently. Malabsorption affects fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. The surgery proves more complex than sleeve gastrectomy. Bowel habits may change. Patients require lifelong supplementation and laboratory monitoring (Benaiges et al., 2011).
What Is SADI-S Bariatric Surgery?
SADI-S stands for single-anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy. It offers a simplified version of the BPD/DS approach.
How Does Single-Anastomosis Duodeno-Ileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy Work?
The procedure begins with sleeve gastrectomy. Surgeons divide the first part of the small intestine at the duodenum. They create a single connection between the duodenum and the ileum. This produces both restrictive and malabsorptive effects with only one intestinal anastomosis (Sanchez-Pernaute et al., 2010).
What Are the Potential Benefits of SADI-S?
SADI-S offers significant long-term weight-loss potential. It produces strong metabolic effects. Many patients see improvement in type 2 diabetes. The single anastomosis reduces surgical complexity compared with BPD/DS. Surgeons sometimes use it as a conversion procedure after sleeve gastrectomy (Cottam et al., 2019).
What Are the Limitations of SADI-S?
Reduced absorption of vitamins and minerals remains a concern. Some patients develop reflux. Bowel habits may change. Nutritional surveillance proves essential. SADI-S represents a newer procedure with a shorter long-term evidence base than sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass.
How Do the Different Types of Bariatric Surgery Compare?
The following table compares the major procedures across key factors:
Procedure | Stomach Changes | Intestinal Bypass | Main Mechanism | Weight-Loss Potential | Metabolic Effect | Nutritional Risk | Reversibility |
Sleeve Gastrectomy | Major stomach reduction | No | Restriction + hormonal effects | High | High | Moderate | No |
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass | Small gastric pouch | Yes | Restriction + altered absorption + hormonal effects | High | Very high | Higher | Difficult |
Adjustable Gastric Band | Adjustable pouch | No | Restriction | Lower | Lower | Lower | Yes |
BPD/DS | Sleeve-type stomach | Extensive | Restriction + substantial malabsorption | Very high | Very high | Highest | Complex |
SADI-S | Sleeve-type stomach | Yes | Restriction + reduced absorption + hormonal effects | Very high | Very high | Significant | Complex |
Outcomes vary according to patient characteristics, procedure details, follow-up quality, and adherence to recommendations. No percentage guarantees apply universally.
How Do Bariatric Procedures Differ in Their Mechanisms of Action?
Each procedure changes your body through different physiological pathways.
Which Procedures Mainly Reduce Stomach Capacity?
Sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric band primarily restrict stomach volume. They limit how much food you can eat at one time. This restriction drives early satiety.
Which Procedures Alter Intestinal Nutrient Absorption?
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, BPD/DS, and SADI-S alter intestinal nutrient absorption. They change where food meets digestive enzymes. They reduce the intestinal surface area available for absorption.
How Do Bariatric Procedures Affect Appetite Hormones?
Sleeve gastrectomy reduces ghrelin production because surgeons remove the gastric fundus. Gastric bypass and BPD/DS alter the delivery of nutrients to the distal intestine. This triggers changes in GLP-1, PYY, and other satiety hormones. These hormonal shifts reduce hunger and improve glucose regulation independently of weight loss (Laferrere et al., 2011).
Bariatric surgery improves conditions beyond body weight. It enhances glucose regulation and insulin sensitivity. It lowers blood pressure. It improves lipid profiles. It reduces inflammation. These metabolic effects explain why doctors increasingly use the term metabolic surgery (Mingrone et al., 2015).
Which Bariatric Surgery Produces the Most Weight Loss?
BPD/DS and SADI-S generally produce the most weight loss. They combine strong restriction with substantial malabsorption. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy produce significant but somewhat lower average weight loss. Adjustable gastric band produces the least weight loss on average. Greater weight-loss potential accompanies greater nutritional and surgical complexity. Your individual results depend on your starting weight, adherence, physical activity, and follow-up care (Arterburn et al., 2018).
Which Bariatric Surgery Is Best for Type 2 Diabetes?
Gastric bypass, BPD/DS, and SADI-S produce strong metabolic effects on type 2 diabetes. These procedures alter intestinal hormone signaling. This improves glucose metabolism sometimes within days of surgery. Sleeve gastrectomy also improves diabetes but may produce slightly lower remission rates than gastric bypass in some studies. No single procedure works universally best. Your diabetes duration, severity, and other health factors guide the choice (Schauer et al., 2017).
Which Bariatric Surgery Is Better for Patients With Acid Reflux?
Sleeve gastrectomy can worsen or trigger gastroesophageal reflux disease in some patients. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass often improves reflux symptoms. The bypass eliminates acid exposure to the esophagus. If you have pre-existing reflux, your surgeon may recommend gastric bypass over sleeve gastrectomy. Hiatal hernia repair at the time of surgery may also influence outcomes (Tai et al., 2017).
What Factors Determine Which Bariatric Surgery Is Right for You?
Multiple factors guide procedure selection. No single criterion determines the best choice.
How Does BMI Influence Procedure Selection?
Higher BMI may favor more powerful procedures such as BPD/DS or SADI-S. However, BMI alone does not determine the best operation. Your overall health, metabolic conditions, and surgical risk matter equally.
Type 2 diabetes, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, dyslipidemia, GERD, and metabolic liver disease all influence selection. Patients with severe diabetes may benefit more from gastric bypass or BPD/DS. Patients with significant reflux may avoid sleeve gastrectomy.
How Do Previous Abdominal or Bariatric Operations Affect the Choice?
Previous bariatric surgery may require conversion or revision. Prior abdominal surgery can increase scar tissue and complexity. Your surgeon evaluates your anatomy carefully.
Why Do Eating Behaviors and Lifestyle Matter?
Your meal patterns affect success. You must follow postoperative dietary recommendations. Long-term physical activity supports weight maintenance. Your capacity for lifelong follow-up matters significantly.
Why Do Nutritional Considerations Matter Before Surgery?
Your baseline micronutrient status affects risk. Protein intake supports healing. Your ability to comply with supplementation predicts long-term outcomes. Surgeons assess these factors before recommending highly malabsorptive procedures.
Most bariatric surgery uses minimally invasive techniques.
Is Bariatric Surgery Usually Laparoscopic?
Yes. Surgeons perform most procedures laparoscopically. They make several small abdominal incisions. They insert a camera and specialized instruments. This approach reduces pain, scarring, and recovery time compared to open surgery (Nguyen et al., 2000).
When Might Open Bariatric Surgery Be Necessary?
Open surgery becomes necessary with complex anatomy, extensive prior abdominal surgery, or very high surgical complexity. Your surgeon makes this assessment individually.
Can Robotic Technology Be Used for Bariatric Surgery?
Yes. Robot-assisted surgery offers another minimally invasive approach. It provides precision and enhanced visualization. However, robotic surgery represents a technique, not a separate bariatric procedure. It does not automatically produce superior outcomes (Ayloo et al., 2014).
What Should Patients Expect After Bariatric Surgery?
Postoperative care follows a structured pathway.
What Is the Typical Postoperative Diet?
You start with clear liquids. You progress to full liquids, then pureed foods, then soft foods. Over several weeks, you return to regular textures. You eat smaller meals. You chew food thoroughly. You avoid drinking with meals.
Why Are Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Important?
Reduced food intake limits nutrient consumption. Intestinal bypass procedures alter absorption. Common monitoring categories include iron, vitamin B12, folate, vitamin D, calcium, and thiamine. Lifelong supplementation and laboratory monitoring remain essential (Parrott et al., 2017).
How Long Does Bariatric Follow-Up Continue?
Follow-up starts with early postoperative visits. Laboratory monitoring continues at regular intervals. Long-term nutritional surveillance lasts indefinitely. Your team monitors weight, metabolic markers, and potential complications. Multidisciplinary support includes dietitians, psychologists, and exercise specialists.
What Are the Potential Benefits of Bariatric Surgery Beyond Weight Loss?
Bariatric surgery improves multiple health conditions. It improves type 2 diabetes control or remission. It lowers blood pressure. It improves cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It reduces or eliminates obstructive sleep apnea. It may improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The appropriate procedure improves GERD. Patients experience better mobility, reduced joint pain, and enhanced quality of life (Sjostrom et al., 2012).
What Are the Risks and Long-Term Considerations of Bariatric Surgery?
All procedures carry risks. Understanding these risks supports informed decision-making.
What Early Surgical Complications Can Occur?
Early complications include bleeding, infection, anastomotic or staple-line leaks, thromboembolic events, and dehydration. Your surgical team monitors for these closely during the initial recovery period.
What Long-Term Complications Require Monitoring?
Long-term issues include nutritional deficiencies, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiencies, protein malnutrition in highly malabsorptive procedures, reflux, ulcers, bowel obstruction, and weight regain. Regular follow-up catches these problems early.
Why Is Lifelong Follow-Up Essential?
Bariatric surgery permanently or long-term alters your gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. Long-term monitoring supports nutritional health, metabolic outcomes, and early identification of complications. Skipping follow-up increases risk significantly (Mechanick et al., 2019).
What Is Revisional Bariatric Surgery?
Revisional surgery changes or corrects a previous bariatric operation.
Why Might Someone Need Revisional Bariatric Surgery?
Patients may need revision for insufficient weight loss, weight regain, complications, anatomical changes, or intolerance of an implanted device such as a gastric band.
What Bariatric Conversions Are Possible?
Common conversions include gastric band to sleeve gastrectomy, gastric band to gastric bypass, and sleeve gastrectomy to gastric bypass. Endoscopic revision after gastric bypass, such as TORe, works for selected patients with pouch dilation.
Why Is Revisional Surgery More Complex?
Existing altered anatomy complicates the operation. Scar tissue from prior surgery increases difficulty. Previous complications may limit options. Surgeons must plan individually for each case (Kothari et al., 2016).
Which Bariatric Surgery Has the Best Balance of Benefits and Risks?
Each procedure offers a distinct risk-benefit profile. Sleeve gastrectomy provides strong weight loss without intestinal rerouting, though reflux deserves attention. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass offers strong weight-loss and metabolic effects with greater nutritional complexity. Adjustable gastric band remains adjustable and reversible but proves less effective and less commonly used. BPD/DS delivers among the most powerful metabolic and weight-loss results but carries substantial nutritional demands. SADI-S offers high effectiveness with one intestinal connection but requires careful monitoring and continued long-term evaluation.
Frequently Asked Questions About Types of Bariatric Surgery
What are the 4 main types of bariatric surgery?
The four main types include sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, adjustable gastric band, and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. SADI-S represents a newer fifth option gaining acceptance.
Which type of bariatric surgery is most effective?
Effectiveness depends on your goals. BPD/DS and SADI-S produce the most weight loss. Gastric bypass produces the strongest metabolic effects for many patients. Sleeve gastrectomy offers excellent results with lower complexity.
Which bariatric surgery has the fastest weight loss?
Gastric bypass and BPD/DS typically produce the most rapid initial weight loss. Sleeve gastrectomy also produces fast results. Individual results vary significantly.
Is gastric sleeve better than gastric bypass?
Neither procedure is universally better. Sleeve gastrectomy avoids intestinal bypass and carries lower nutritional risk. Gastric bypass produces stronger metabolic effects and improves reflux. Your health profile determines the better choice.
Is gastric bypass reversible?
Surgeons can technically reverse gastric bypass, but the procedure proves complex and risky. Most surgeons consider it difficult to reverse.
Is gastric sleeve surgery reversible?
No. Sleeve gastrectomy permanently removes stomach tissue. Surgeons cannot reverse this procedure.
Which bariatric surgery has the lowest risk of nutritional deficiencies?
Adjustable gastric band carries the lowest nutritional risk because it does not alter absorption or remove stomach tissue. Sleeve gastrectomy carries moderate risk. Bypass procedures carry higher risk.
Which bariatric surgery is best for diabetes?
Gastric bypass, BPD/DS, and SADI-S produce the strongest effects on type 2 diabetes. Sleeve gastrectomy also improves diabetes. Your surgeon evaluates your specific case.
Which bariatric surgery is best for acid reflux?
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass generally improves reflux. Sleeve gastrectomy may worsen it. If you have significant reflux, gastric bypass often suits you better.
How long does bariatric surgery recovery take?
Most patients return to normal activities within two to four weeks after laparoscopic surgery. Recovery varies by procedure, individual health, and complications.
Do you need vitamins after bariatric surgery?
Yes. All bariatric patients need vitamin and mineral supplementation. Patients with bypass procedures need the most intensive supplementation.
Can you regain weight after bariatric surgery?
Yes. Weight regain can occur with any procedure. Long-term dietary adherence, physical activity, and follow-up help prevent regain.
Can bariatric surgery be revised or converted?
Yes. Surgeons can revise or convert most procedures. Revisional surgery carries higher complexity and risk than primary surgery.
What Should You Consider Before Choosing a Bariatric Procedure?
Review expected weight-loss outcomes for each option. Compare metabolic benefits against your health conditions. Assess reflux and gastrointestinal symptoms. Consider nutritional requirements and your ability to comply. Review surgical complexity and potential complications. Consider reversibility if that matters to you. Evaluate any previous abdominal or bariatric surgery. Discuss long-term lifestyle requirements honestly. Choose an experienced multidisciplinary bariatric team. Shared decision-making between you and your surgeon produces the best outcomes (Aurora et al., 2012).
What Should Patients Know About the Types of Bariatric Surgery?
Bariatric surgery includes several anatomically and physiologically different procedures. Each operation changes your body through restriction, hormonal effects, intestinal malabsorption, or combinations of these mechanisms. The most effective operation depends on your individual clinical factors rather than a single ranking. No procedure works universally best. Multidisciplinary assessment, nutritional monitoring, and lifelong follow-up determine long-term success. Your bariatric team guides you through this complex decision. Together, you select the procedure that aligns with your health needs, lifestyle, and goals.
References
Adams, Ted D., et al. "Weight and Metabolic Outcomes 12 Years after Gastric Bypass." New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 377, no. 12, 2017, pp. 1143-1155.
Angrisani, Luigi, et al. "Bariatric Surgery Worldwide 2013." Obesity Surgery, vol. 25, no. 10, 2015, pp. 1822-1832.
Angrisani, Luigi, et al. "IFSO Worldwide Survey 2016: Primary, Endoluminal, and Revisional Procedures." Obesity Surgery, vol. 28, no. 12, 2018, pp. 3783-3794.
Arterburn, David E., et al. "Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Bariatric Procedures for Weight Loss: A PCORnet Cohort Study." Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 169, no. 11, 2018, pp. 741-750.
Arterburn, David E., et al. "Long-Term Weight Change after Bariatric Surgery: A Medicare Cohort Study." JAMA Surgery, vol. 155, no. 3, 2020, pp. 226-233.
Aurora, Rajeev N., et al. "Practice Parameters for the Surgical Modifications of the Upper Airway for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults." Sleep, vol. 33, no. 10, 2010, pp. 1408-1413.
Ayloo, Subhashini, et al. "Robot-Assisted Versus Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Is There a Difference in Outcomes?" World Journal of Surgery, vol. 38, no. 3, 2014, pp. 637-642.
Benaiges, David, et al. "Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy and Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Are Equally Effective for Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk in Severely Obese Patients at One Year of Follow-Up." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, vol. 7, no. 5, 2011, pp. 575-580.
Biertho, Laurent, et al. "Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch: Surgical Technique and Perioperative Outcomes." Obesity Surgery, vol. 26, no. 6, 2016, pp. 1212-1217.
Chambers, Adam P., et al. "Weight-Independent Changes in Blood Glucose Homeostasis after Gastric Bypass or Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy in Rats." Gastroenterology, vol. 141, no. 3, 2011, pp. 950-958.
Courcoulas, Anita P., et al. "Long-Term Outcomes of Bariatric Surgery: A National Institutes of Health Symposium." JAMA Surgery, vol. 149, no. 12, 2014, pp. 1323-1329.
Cottam, Daniel, et al. "SADI-S One-Year Results: A Comparison of SADI-S and BPD-DS." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, vol. 15, no. 10, 2019, pp. 1716-1722.
English, Wayne J., et al. "American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery 2018 Estimate of Metabolic and Bariatric Procedures Performed in the United States." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, vol. 16, no. 4, 2020, pp. 457-463.
Gagner, Michel, and Henry Buchwald. "Comparison of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Leak Rates in Four Staple-Line Reinforcement Options: A Systematic Review." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, vol. 10, no. 4, 2014, pp. 713-723.
Kothari, Shanu N., et al. "Revisional Bariatric Surgery: 13-Year Experience from a Tertiary Institution." American Journal of Surgery, vol. 212, no. 6, 2016, pp. 1111-1117.
Laferrere, Blandine, et al. "Effect of Weight Loss by Gastric Bypass Surgery versus Hypocaloric Diet on Glucose and Incretin Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 93, no. 7, 2008, pp. 2479-2485.
Mechanick, Jeffrey I., et al. "Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Perioperative Nutrition, Metabolic, and Nonsurgical Support of Patients Undergoing Bariatric Procedures – 2019 Update." Obesity, vol. 28, no. 4, 2020, pp. O1-O58.
Mingrone, Geltrude, et al. "Bariatric Surgery versus Conventional Medical Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes." New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 366, no. 17, 2012, pp. 1577-1585.
Nguyen, Ninh T., et al. "Laparoscopic versus Open Gastric Bypass: A Randomized Study of Outcomes, Quality of Life, and Costs." Annals of Surgery, vol. 232, no. 3, 2000, pp. 279-289.
O'Brien, Paul E., et al. "Long-Term Outcomes after Bariatric Surgery: Fifteen-Year Follow-Up of Adjustable Gastric Banding and a Systematic Review of the Bariatric Surgical Literature." Annals of Surgery, vol. 257, no. 1, 2013, pp. 87-94.
Parrott, Julie, et al. "American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Integrated Health Nutritional Guidelines for the Surgical Weight Loss Patient 2016 Update." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, vol. 13, no. 5, 2017, pp. 727-741.
Purnell, Jonathan Q., et al. "Type 2 Diabetes Remission Rates after Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass and Gastric Banding: Results of the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery Study." Diabetes Care, vol. 39, no. 7, 2016, pp. 1101-1107.
Rosenthal, Raul J., et al. "International Sleeve Gastrectomy Expert Panel Consensus Statement: Best Practice Guidelines Based on Experience of >12,000 Cases." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, vol. 8, no. 1, 2012, pp. 8-19.
Salminen, Paulina, et al. "Effect of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy vs Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Weight Loss at 5 Years Among Patients with Morbid Obesity: The SLEEVEPASS Randomized Clinical Trial." JAMA, vol. 319, no. 3, 2018, pp. 241-254.
Sanchez-Pernaute, Andres, et al. "Single-Anastomosis Duodenoileal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy: Metabolic Improvement and Weight Loss in First 100 Patients." Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, vol. 9, no. 5, 2013, pp. 731-735.
Schauer, Philip R., et al. "Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes – 5-Year Outcomes." New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 376, no. 7, 2017, pp. 641-651.
Sjostrom, Lars, et al. "Bariatric Surgery and the Risk of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Swedish Obese Subjects." Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 60, no. 16, 2012, pp. 1581-1590.
Sovik, Torgeir T., et al. "Gastric Bypass with Biliopancreatic Diversion and Duodenal Switch: Technique and Early Results." Obesity Surgery, vol. 21, no. 11, 2011, pp. 1727-1733.
Sullivan, Shelby, et al. "ASGE Bariatric Endoscopy Task Force Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Assessing the ASGE PIVI Thresholds for Adopting Endoscopic Bariatric Therapies." Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol. 92, no. 4, 2020, pp. 835-842.
Tai, Christopher M., et al. "Increase in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms and Erosive Esophagitis 1 Year after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy among Obese Adults." Surgical Endoscopy, vol. 27, no. 10, 2013, pp. 3840-3845.
